The most common form of class, found in almost every field of study, is the lecture, usually marked with the abbreviation “W” or “wyk.” It’s a class format in which the instructor delivers structured theoretical knowledge and presents an extensive thematic block. Lectures have a specific rhythm — they typically involve large groups of students, and the biggest lecture halls can accommodate even hundreds of people. Sometimes, students from different years or related programs attend the same lecture.
Because of their scale, communication during lectures is mostly one-way — students focus on listening and absorbing information. However, many lecturers try to make the format more engaging by asking questions, encouraging short discussions, and using visual aids such as slides or whiteboards to make complex topics easier to grasp.
While lectures focus on theory, classes (marked as “Ćw” or “C”) emphasize the practical application of knowledge. Their main goal is to consolidate information and develop skills needed in future careers. Unlike large lectures, classes take place in smaller groups — more like a traditional classroom setting. This environment fosters interaction, encourages engagement, and allows for closer collaboration between the instructor and students.
Classes often involve solving problems, analyzing case studies, engaging in discussions, or presenting project results. In certain disciplines — such as biology, geography, or archaeology — classes are sometimes held outside the university as fieldwork. These may be multi-day research trips or shorter field sessions. Students are informed in advance, so they know whether to bring notebooks or hiking boots.
In addition to lectures and classes, many programs include other practical formats. One of them is the laboratory (“Lab”), which focuses on hands-on learning and independent work. Depending on the field of study, this might involve conducting experiments, running analyses, or using specialized software. For example, IT and graphic design students may work in computer labs, while journalism students use radio or TV studios to produce their own programs or recordings.
Another key component of academic education is language learning, known as lektorat. Though similar in form to school language lessons, lektorats emphasize specialized vocabulary relevant to each field and often prepare students for exams at specific CEFR proficiency levels.
At higher levels of study, seminars and conversation classes (konwersatoria) become part of the academic experience. Though both are discussion-based, they serve different purposes.
Seminars are closely linked to writing a thesis. Often preceded by a proseminar, they help students learn the basics of academic research and writing. Meetings are led by a supervisor (promotor), who guides students through the research process — from choosing a topic to developing a methodology and drafting chapters.
Conversation classes (konwersatoria) bridge the gap between lectures and exercises. They center around discussion and critical analysis of texts or problems. Students prepare in advance, and during class they exchange ideas under the instructor’s moderation. This format develops argumentation, public speaking, and critical thinking skills.
“WF” (Physical Education) is one of the most recognizable abbreviations on any timetable. While familiar from school, university PE classes differ in structure and flexibility. Students can choose from various sports and activities depending on their interests and fitness level — from team sports and swimming to yoga, climbing, or martial arts. Physical education remains a required part of the program for a set number of semesters and contributes to maintaining a healthy balance between mind and body.
Each type of class has its own method of evaluation. Academic systems specify whether a course ends with a graded pass (with a numeric grade, typically from 2.0 to 5.0) or a pass without a grade.
Lectures usually end with a written or oral exam during the exam session.
Classes and laboratories are assessed continuously through quizzes, projects, and participation.
Language classes often conclude with a CEFR-standardized language exam or continuous assessment.
Seminars require submission of successive parts of the thesis and end with the delivery of the final version.
Physical education is graded based on attendance and active participation.
Beyond academic knowledge, exams also carry certain etiquette expectations. Punctuality, preparation, and appropriate attire show respect for the occasion. While formal suits and dresses are no longer required, a smart casual outfit — neat, modest, and comfortable — is always appropriate. Appearance may seem secondary, but it reflects professionalism and a respectful attitude toward both the examiner and the learning process.
The question of attendance often sparks debate, especially around lectures, which are sometimes not mandatory. However, attending regularly helps students better understand key topics and build rapport with instructors — which can pay off later during exams.
For other formats — such as classes, laboratories, or seminars — attendance is usually compulsory. Instructors typically explain attendance rules, permissible absences, and make-up options during the first meeting, ensuring clarity from the start.
Lectures, classes, laboratories, and seminars form the backbone of university education. Together, they define the rhythm of student life and the way knowledge is acquired. Although the academic schedule may seem complicated at first, its structure soon becomes clear. Early meetings are often dedicated to explaining course requirements and answering students’ questions, helping newcomers quickly adjust to academic life.
Sources:
POL-on system – database on Polish higher education and research
Ministry of Science and Higher Education – Admission Reports 2023/2024 and 2024/2025
PRM – Sales Platform
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) | Europass
Kolokwium – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Author: Joanna Ważny
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